跨越專家與公民的邊界——基于后常規(guī)科學背景下的決策模式重塑

摘要： 20世紀初的公共政策制定走向了一條科學化和理性化的道路。但后常規(guī)時代的科學往往無力提供政策制定所需的那種明確答案,因而也無法減少決策中日益增加的風險與不確定性。當前,科學與政策領域興起了諸如"知識生產(chǎn)的模式2""知識分工"與"公民參與科學"等新興概念,它們共同指向了專業(yè)知識生產(chǎn)的民主化趨勢——必須重新開放科學的認知承諾,以一種與傳統(tǒng)科學生產(chǎn)模式不同的、強調非職業(yè)化與情境化的知識范式去重新理解科學、知識生產(chǎn)與決策,以適應高度復雜與高度不確定性情境下的政策爭端。這意味著突破專業(yè)知識的規(guī)范性承諾和前提性預設,賦予公民智慧與科學專家以能力上的平等地位,在開放、多元的參與情境中實現(xiàn)公眾與專家的共同磋商。在科學領域,專業(yè)知識的民主化導向的是科學的認知轉型;在政策領域,它將突破決策科學化與民主化的兩難困境,導向一種更為擴大化的公民參與。
The public policy formulation in the early 20 th century has moved toward a scientific and rational path. But neither could the post-normal science provide the clear answer for policy making, nor reduce the increasing risks and uncertainties. At present, emerging concepts such as "model 2 of knowledge production", "division of epistemic labor" and "civil participation in science" have emerged in the field of science and policy, which together point to the democratization trend of expertise-to adapt to policy disputes in highly complex and highly uncertain situations,we must reopen the cognitive commitment of science and re-understand science, scientific production and decision making in a different knowledge paradigm,which emphasizing non-professional and contextual application than traditional models. This means breaks the normative commitment and premise presupposition of professional knowledge, giving citizens wisdom and scientific experts equal status in ability and achieving an open and diverse consultation between them. In the field of science, the democratization of expertise leads to the cognitive transformation of science; in the policy field, it breaks through the dilemma of scientific and democratization of decision-making and lead to the more expanded citizen participation.