職業(yè)潛水員的心理選拔指標

摘要： 目的:探討潛水員職業(yè)所必需的心理品質(zhì),為潛水員心理選拔及評價提供參考。方法:在交通部下屬單位上海、煙臺、廣州3個打撈局及南京某專業(yè)潛水工程公司選取職業(yè)潛水員165人,運用卡特爾十六種人格因素測驗(16PF)、瑞文標準推理測驗(中國城市版成年組)、80.8神經(jīng)活動類型、注意集中檢測儀、動作穩(wěn)定檢測儀等量表或儀器進行檢測,數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS13.0進行統(tǒng)計分析。結(jié)果:職業(yè)潛水員的認知品質(zhì)可概括為感知覺品質(zhì)、聰慧品質(zhì)、認知-運動品質(zhì)和注意品質(zhì)。職業(yè)潛水員個性品質(zhì)中的有恒性、幻想性、創(chuàng)造型人格因素及新環(huán)境中成長能力得分,認知品質(zhì)中的神經(jīng)活動類型、暗適應、空間知覺、注意分配、注意集中等心理品質(zhì)與其業(yè)績水平均呈正相關(r=0.20～0.71,均P<0.05);而懷疑性、世故性得分、反應時、場獨立性(誤差)、動作穩(wěn)定(出錯次數(shù))與其業(yè)績水平負相關(r=-0.21～-0.45,均P<0.05)。個性表現(xiàn)為高有恒性(OR=0.18)、高創(chuàng)造性(OR=0.35)、高新環(huán)境中成長能力(OR=2.34)和低懷疑性(OR=5.08),以及認知品質(zhì)中具有較好的神經(jīng)活動能力(OR=0.27)、暗適應能力(OR=1.98)、注意集中(OR=0.51)和注意分配能力(OR=0.49)的潛水員,其工作業(yè)績水平更好。結(jié)論:職業(yè)潛水員有其獨特的心理品質(zhì)特點,主要包括個性品質(zhì)、感知覺品質(zhì)、聰慧品質(zhì)、認知-運動品質(zhì)和注意品質(zhì)五個方面,在以后職業(yè)潛水員選拔和訓練中可以此作為心理選拔和評價的重點。
Objective:To explore the essential psychological quality of occupational divers,and provide reference for selection and evaluation for divers.Methods:Totally 165 occupational divers were selected and tested with the Cattell' s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire(16PF),Raven' s Standard Progressive Matrices(SPM),80.8 Neural Type Measuring Form,attention concentration test,etc.Results: The cognitive quality of divers could be summarized mainly into four aspects,including sense of perceived quality,quality of intelligence,cognition-movement quality and attention quality.The divers' working performance was positively correlated with the psychological qualities such as rule-consciousness,Abstractedness,creativity,growing ability in new environment,the type of nerve activity,dark adaptation,the perception of space,attention concentration and attention distribution(r=0.20-0.71,Ps<0.05),while negatively correlated with vigilance,privateness,time reaction,field independence(error) and action stability(error frequency)(r=-0.21——0.45,Ps<0.05).The divers who scored higher in rule-consciousness,creativity and the growing ability in new environment,the type of nerve activity,dark adaptation,attention concentration and attention distribution,and scored lower in vigilance had better working performance(OR=0.18-5.08,Ps<0.05).Conclusion: It suggests that divers need some special psychological qualities,such as personality,a sense of perceived quality,the quality of intelligence,cognition-movement quality and attention quality,which could be used as psychological evaluation indices in selecting and training for divers.