Tanners convert the raw hides and skins into leather. At its simplest,leather is hide or skin which has been treated so that it will not decay,and will last for hundreds of years. Every hide and skin is unique,and varies not only from species to species,b...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Leather industry is a traditional industry that has evolved since early civilization. Advances in production and technology have resulted in a complex global commodity market. In 2000,the global value of hide and skin production exceeded US ＄ 14.5 billion...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Approximate 99% of all the raw hides and skins is from mammals. After slaughter most mammals,such as oxen,calves,horses,sheep,goats and pigs,are flayed by making ripping cuts in the belly and legs. They are often hung up,and the skins are peeled off start...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Fresh hides or skins consist of water,proteins,fatty materials,mineral salts and some other substances. In all these constituents,the proteins are important for leather making. These proteins are collagen,keratin,as well as elastin,albumen,globulin,mucins...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    In many cases it is impossible to put fresh hides and skins into leather production within hours of slaughter. Usually it takes 2 to 25 weeks to collect,store,market,transport hides and skins from slaughterhouse to tannery workshop. In this very period,hi...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    There are numerous raw hide defects (Fig.3) that may reduce the value of the hide and consequently reduce the value of the leather made from it. These defects may be caused either by disease or external damage before the animal is slaughtered,or by incorr...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Practical unhairing systems are mainly based on the use of sulfide or enzyme as sharpening agents. The sulphide unhairing methods and enzyme unhairing methods are used in almost all the processes of leather manufacture.2.1 Sulphide UnhairingLime-sulphide ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Unhairing and liming may be carried out either separately,or at the same time by immersing the hides and skins completely in lime and sulfide liquor.3.1 Liming SystemStraight lime liquors of 2 parts lime per 100 parts water are chiefly used for skins that...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Fleshing and splitting as well as scudding are three important mechanical operations in beamhouse. Fleshing operations are often carried out during soaking or after soaking,but sometimes after unhairing or liming. Splitting is usually carried out after li...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Limed hide is a three dimensional network of protein fibers. These fibers have absorbed alkali in the form of lime and other alkaline materials. The skin is a blue-white,swollen,rubberlike,translucent mass. The deliming process,therefore,is one that will ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]